心理学 双语重点.doc

Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. History of psychology:1、from philosophy : empiricism(经验主义) and positivism（实证主义）2、from biology : evolution(进化论) and physiology(生理学)3、from physics(物理学) When did psychology start? : in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology lab in Lerpzig.1890 《Principles of psychology》 by William James. The similarity and differences between structuralism(构造主义) and functionalism（机能主义）: 1、The similarity : they all think the object of psychological investigation(研究) should be the conscious mind. 2、the differences : 1-Wundt or James 2-Wundt think the object of psychology investigation should be studied by introspection. 3-James argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. The Psychoanalytic approach to psychology(精神分析)： Freud hysteria(癔症) the manifestation of physical symptoms宣泄法 Charcot(沙可) Jung 荣格 Adler阿德勒 Klein克莱因 Erickson埃里克森 Oedipus complex 俄狄浦斯情结 Method of investigation: case study: Free association自由联想 Dream analysis梦的解析 Areas of explanation : fixation / defense mechanisms防御机制 The behaviorist approach to psychology行为主义 哲学基础：empiricism经验主义 Pavlov 巴甫洛夫 classical conditioning 经典条件反射 Thorndike 桑代克 Skinner 斯金纳 operant conditioning 操作性条件反射 Watson 华生 《psychology as the behaviorist views it》《行为主义者眼中的心理学》 Bandura班杜拉 social learning theory 社会学习理论 Practical applications(实际应用) : token economies 代币制 systematic desensitization系统脱敏 The humanistic approach to psychology人本主义: Influenced by Gestalt psychology’s idea 受格式塔心理学影响 Maslow马斯洛 self-actualize自我实现 Rogers罗杰斯 client-centered therapy当事人中心疗法 to self-actualization 建立自信 Methods of investigation : phenomenological approach现象学方法 The cognitive approach of psychology认知心理学： Tolman 托尔曼 Piaget 皮亚杰 paradigm 范式 Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer study perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, problem solving. Practical applications :Ellis’s rational emotive