生化第四章-糖代谢.doc

生化第四章 糖代谢 名词解释 1. Glycolysis（糖酵解）: Aanaerobic degradation is universal and ancient central pathway of glucose catabolism. In glycolysis a molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of enzymatic reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate or lactate. The basic process of glycolysis can be divided into two phase: reactions from glucose to pyruvate and from pyruvate to lactate. 2.物质代谢：机体在生命活动过程中不断摄入O2及营养物质，在细胞内进行中间代谢，同时不断排出CO2及代谢废物，这种机体和环境之间不断进行的物质交换即物质代谢。 3. Gluconeogenesis（糖原异生）：The process of transformation of non-carbohydrates to glucose or glycogen is termed as gluconeogenesis. Non-carbohydrates are some compounds, such as glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and other organic acids. 4．Oxidative Phosphorylation(氧化磷酸化)：The precess by which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and the coupled formation of ATP from ADP, is called oxidative phosphorylation. 5. 糖原(glycogen)：动物体内糖的储存形式，是可以迅速动用的葡萄糖储备。 6. Cori cycle(乳酸循环): Cori cycle may be termed as lactate cycle by which lactate is formed in muscle and is transported into liver through blood stream, in liver lactate is converted to glucose, and glucose then is transported to muscle for produce lactate again. The significance of Cori cycle is to avoid the loss of lactate and the accumulation of lactate in blood to lower the blood Ph and acidosis. Cori cycle is an energy consuming pathway, 6 ATPs are consumed for converting 2 molecules of lactate to glucose. 8.Pentose phosphate pathway(磷酸戊糖途径): It is one of two major pathways for the catabolism of glucose. This pathway can be divided into two pahses: an oxidative nonreversible phase and a nonoxidative reversible phase. In the first phase, glucose 6-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to give a pentose phosphate, ribulose 5-phosphate. In the second phase, ribulose 5-phosphate is converted back to glucose 6-phosphate by a series of reactions involving mainly two enzymes: transketolase and transaldolase.。 9. Tricarboxylic acid cycle; Kre