修辞学复习提要.doc

what is rhetoric? Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)：the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. 1. History of Ancient Greece (Hellas): 1.1 Tyranny (7th and 6th cent. B.C., each Greek city-state was for a time ruled by some tyrants (Corax defend the noble free men) 1.2 Democracy emerging around 600 B.C.: Solon (638 BC–558 BC), senate 元老院of 400 people, forcing each freeman to take a direct and personal interest in the affairs of the city (The Story of Mankind; court system (a jury of thirty) 1.3 Athens Golden Age/ Classical/ Hellenic Age (500-323 B.C.) Note: Hellenic, of Hellenes (Greek people), an Indo-European tribe who came to reside in Greece in the 11th cent. B.C. The people called themselves Hellene, after Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha (the only two human beings who had escaped the great flood) 1) Pericles the statesman Democracy: equality of opportunity ensured by individual merit and efficiency; equality of justice secured by jury system By 460 B.C., led by Pericles 490-429 B.C. (p13), Athens was at its height of commercial prosperity and cultural and political dominance, and over the next 40 years many major building projects, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, were completed. Athens’s “Golden Age” saw the works of the philosophers Socrates (469-399 B.C.), Plato(427-347 B.C.), and Aristotle; the dramatists Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides; the historians Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon; and the sculptors Praxiteles and Phidias. 2. History of classical rhetoric For political and forensic purpose 2.1 Origin of rhetoric Q: Why did western rhetoric originate in ancient Greece? In light of politics (administration of polis-city state): democracy 2.1.1 Political政治类的: about public affairs Q: How was a decision possibly made at the assembly? (in light of Pericles’s speech) (through discussions and debates at the assembly) argument, the need for rhetoric 2.1.2 Ceremonial典礼类的: to praise or censure 2.1.3 Forensic法律类的: