管理学第9版 练习题 附答案 7.doc

Chapter 7 Foundations of Planning True/False Questions WHAT IS PLANNING? Planning is concerned with how objectives are to be accomplished, not what is to be accomplished. If a manager refuses to write anything down or share his plans with others in the organization, he is not truly planning. WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN? Planning provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike. Even without planning, departments and individuals always work together, allowing organizations to move efficiently toward its goals. Research indicates that nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations. HOW DO MANAGERS PLAN? Goals are the foundation of organizational planning. Most businesses have only one objective: to make a profit. Most companies’ goals can be classified as either strategic or financial. Strategic goals are related to the financial performance of the organization. An organization’s real goals are often quite irrelevant to what actually goes on. Operational plans specify the details of how the achievement of the overall objectives is to be obtained. Long term used to mean anything over three years, but now it means anything over one year. Short-term plans are those covering one year or less. Directional plans have clearly defined objectives. ESTABLISHING GOALS AND DEVELOPING PLANS An integrated network of goals is sometimes called a means-end chain. In MBO, or management by objectives, goals are often less well-defined, giving managers and employees more flexibility to respond to changing conditions. In a typical MBO program, successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performance-based rewards. An MBO program consists of four elements: loose goals, participative decision making, an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Studies of actual MBO programs find mixed results in terms of its effects on overall employee performance and organizational productivity. In times of dynamic environmental change, well-defined and precisely developed