博弈论与实验经济学1.doc

Chapter 5 Why a Cod Fishery Collapsed 8/9/05 Outline 5.1 A Widely Recognized Problem – Hard to Fix 5.1.1 Our Example – The Collapse of the Northern Cod Fishery 5.1.2 Gordon’s idea in a Nutshell 5.1.3 The Road Ahead 5.2 Positive Analysis (About What Is) 5.2.1 The Yield Curve 5.2.2 Diminishing Returns of Economic Benefits 5.2.3 Open Access within the Fishery 5.2.4 Constant Costs 5.2.5 Open Access into the Fishery and Its Opportunity Cost 5.2.6 The Nash Equilibrium 5.3 Normative Analysis (About Goals and Values) 5.3.1 Maximizing Sustainable Yield as the Social Goal 5.3.2 Maximizing Sustainable Net Social Benefit as the Social Goal 5.4 Seeing the Externality 5.5 The Search for Policy Remedy 5.5.1 Licenses 5.5.2 Aggregate Catch Limits 5.5.3 Marketable Individual Quotas 5.5.4 Landing Taxes 5.6 Big Questions 5.7 Summary Definitions and Concepts Discussion Questions Analytic Questions Figures Figure 5.1 A Network of Policy Analysis for the Fisheries Problem Figure 5.2 Sustainable Yield Figure 5.3 Total Benefit, Average Benefit, and Individual Benefit Figure 5.4 Total Cost, Average Cost, and Individual Cost Figure 5.5 The Nash Equilibrium Figure 5.6 Social Goals and the Nash Equilibrium Figure 5.7 Seeing the Externality Figure 5.8 The Policy Question Chapter 5 Why a Cod Fishery Collapsed Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. --Garett Hardin (Science, 1968) 5.1 A Widely Recognized Problem – Hard to Fix Marine biologists and environmental economists have warned for decades that increasing harvests from the world’s great fisheries were increasingly stressing the fisheries, with increasing risk of collapse. Then it happened, large scale and world-wide, sobering in its evidence that human activities could affect global ecosystems. In some ways this environmental problem is very different from the more homely traffic cong