海牙,Visby,汉堡规则(中英).docx

Hague Rules名词解释– article 1 (1):Carrier includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.承运人：包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。Contract of carriage applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading . “运输合同”仅适用于以提单进行海上货物运输的合同名词解释– article 1 (2):Goods includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried. 货物包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类商品，但活的牲畜和在运输合同上载明装载于舱面并且已经这样装运的货物除外。Ship means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea. Carriage of goods covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship. The responsibility of carrier (1):Article 3, 1The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to: (a) Make the ship seaworthy. (b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship. (c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.译:承运人需在开航时和开航前恪尽职责：使船舶适航；适当配备船员，装备和供应船舶；使船上货舱、冷藏舱和其他载货处所，能适宜和安全地接收、运送和保管货物。The responsibility of carrier (2):适航：船舶在各方面均能抵御预定航次的通常的和合理预见的风险，以适于妥善安全运送货物。船舶适航ship seaworthiness的要求:坚固的船舶firm ship 船员Crew 装备和供应品Equipment, supply 适货Cargo worthy The responsibility of carrier (3):适航责任期间-- before and at the beginning of the voyage:一般解释：至少从船舶开始装货至船舶起航时为止的一段时间At least the beginning of the loading until the vessel starts on her voyage 航段适航原则Doctrine of seaworthiness stage开航后不适航，承运人的责任？The responsibility of carrier (4):克尽职责Due diligence:解释？承担着：承运人carrier,船长master, 船员crew,承运人的代理和雇佣人员carrier’s agent and servants模糊过失Indistinct defection举证责任Burden of provingThe responsibility of carrier (5):免责条款的应用不能延伸到船舶适航的范围 immunity clauses can not be applied in ship seaworthy承运人援引免责前，需要先行举证证明船舶适航或已尽了谨慎处理义务 Proving ship seaworthy or due diligence before invo