合作原则的英文表述.doc

4.1 The maxim of Quality:??? Try to make your contribution one that is true, .specifically:(i) do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence[18]转载于文联盟 4.2 The maxim of Quantity:(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required[19]4.3 The maxim of Relation:??? Make your contribution relevant.[20]4.4 The maxim of Manner:Be perspicuous and specifically:(i) avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) avoid ambiguity.(iii) be brief (iv) be orderly.[21]??? From what mentioned above, we may know that the Cooperative Principle enables one participant in a conversation to communicate on the assumption that the other participant is being cooperative. These four maxims form a necessary part of the description of linguistic meaning in that they explain how it is that the speakers often “mean more than they say” in their communications.??? We may decide to withhold whatever information we possess:’ No comment!’ We may inadvertently infringe a maxim or we can secretly violate a maxim—e.g. A could maliciously and falsely tell B that Janet had walked in the opposite direction from the post office. Or – more importantly – we can make a blatant show of breaking one of the maxims (Grice terms this flouting a maxim), in order to lead the addressee to look for a covert, implied meaning.[22] . For examples,(3)? At the time of recording, all the members of the cast were members of The BBC Players. ( Implicature: One or more of them are no longer members of The BBC Players.)[23]??? Generally speaking, in Grice’s analysis, the speaker’s flouting of a maxim combined with the hearer’s assumption that the speaker has nor really abandoned the co-operative principle leads to an implicature[24]. One thing that deserves our attention is that the four maxims, expressed in the imperative mood have sometimes been misunderstood