Grammar_1_名词.docx

名词名词概述名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等的名称。英语名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词包括： 抽象名词（abstract nouns）：beauty, fear, courage, charity, joy, etc. 物质名词（material nouns）：air, soap, beef, etc. 集合名词（collective nouns）：family, group, team, swarm, crowd, flock, etc. 个体名词（individual nouns）：table, man, dog, book, etc.专有名词包括人名、地名等，Tom, Mrs Smith, China, etc.名词的数什么是名词的数名词的数，指名词的单、复数形式。英语名词有的有单数和复数之分，有的则没有。下面介绍名词复数和复合名词复数的构成法。名词复数的构成法：一般在名词词尾加-s。dog-dogs, house-houses, gram-grams.以-o或-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es构成其复数形式。tomato-tomatoes, kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes.有些以-o结尾，是外来语或缩写名词, 则加-s。piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos, photo-photos, kimono-kimonos.有些以-o结尾的名词,其-o前是元音字母则加-s。studio-studios, radio-radios.以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。zoo-zoos。以-y结尾的名词，且-y前是一个辅音字母，则把-y去掉，加-ies。baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities.如果以-y结尾的名词，-y前是一个元音字母，则直接加-s。boy-boys, donkey-donkeys.以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般将-f，-fe去掉，加-ves。wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves.这类名词还有：life, knife, self, shelf, leaf, thief, sheaf, half等。名词scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief的复数形式或加-s或去掉-f加-ves，即scarfs或scarves, wharfs或wharves, hoofs或hooves, handkerchiefs或handkerchieves。也有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词只加-s。cliff-cliffs, belief-beliefs, safe-safes, roof-roofs, chief-chiefs等。有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式。man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth等。child的复数为children, ox的复数为oxen。有些表示生物的名词，其复数形式与单数相同。fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名词还有aircraft, means等。复合名词的复数形式：一般在词尾加-s或-es。take-off -- take-offs, grown-up -- grown-ups, armchair -- armchairs, film-goer -- film-goers等。以man或woman为前缀构成的复合词，两部分都变成复数。man doctor -- men doctors, woman player -- women players等。主体名词在前，介词或副词在后的复合词只在主体词后加-s。 sister-in-law -- sisters-in-law, looker-on --lookers-on, passer-by -- passers-by等 。首字母缩略词（Initials）,加-s以构成其复数。VIPs (very important persons), MPs (Members of Parliament), UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects)等。一些从希腊文或拉丁文转化而来的外来名词通常仍保持其原有的复数形式。datum--data, crisis-crises, stimulus-stimuli, phenomenon-phenomena, basis-bases等。但也有些希腊，拉丁文外来语按英语的变化规则。formula-