10、Argument模板.docx

分析每一句话的问题，不能漏掉一句话！！！常见讨论点X→YX可能是员工表现提高、销售增加等Y可能是increase profit等等E.g. 人口出生率下降→入学率下降错误类比A采取某项措施有效（或不好）→B采取这项措施也有效（或不好）N年前采取某项措施有效→现在也有效因果倒置（causal relationship）E.g. 员工睡眠时间短→绩效提高。实际上可能是员工忙所以没时间睡觉样本容量小，或不具有普适性（A是B的原因）因为发现了B，所以AB的原因中有A，也可能有CDE，A只是一个原因，而且所占比重可能很小。national趋势→某个地区的趋势每个地方都有独特性一个地方的政策推广的别的地方（1）有没有证据表明这个地方是成功的？（2）就是这个地方成功，别的地方未必适用。房价显著下降→房价低可能房价超级高，显著下降后还是超级高不管是assumption，question还是evidence，一定要指出：（1）一旦假设不成立会如何如何（2）问题的回答是A将如何如何，回答是B又如何如何（3）这些证据到底会加强还是削弱论断？具体怎么加强削弱的？由此可见，argument的篇幅都是从上面这几点来的。光指出逻辑错误，举两个反例，ETS绝对会用superficial形容你。另外，再提醒大家一点，也就是我之前询问过的：题库中有9道alternative explanation题（出生顺序、人造黄油、两栖动物减少等等），不要根据逐个逻辑错误分开解释，要给出一个完整的解释，一次性解释所有现象！evidence类Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.It might seem logical, at the first glance/sight, to agree with the argument in Dr. Karp’s articlethat children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even,by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study isnot as valid as an interview-centered one).However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid.In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp’s claimsis information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group havechanged significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. Forexample, if we had evidence that in the intervening years Westerners had settled onthe island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it wouldcertainly weaken Dr. Karp’s argument. In that case, the original study coul