考研英语之翻译必考.docx

考研英语之翻译必考-定语从句定语从句是指用来修饰先行词(名词、代词、名词性词组、代词性词组等)的形容词性从句。在句中起形容词的作用来修饰其前面的先行词。定语从句有几个特点：(1)定语从句前面都有先行词；(2)定语从句主要由关系代词如：who、whose、whom、which、that或关系副词如when、where、why等引导；(3)关系代词的数和人称要和先行词一致，所属格取决于它在从句中充当的成分；(4)关系副词的先行词总是表示时间、地点或原因的名词。定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。两者除了在意义上有区别以外，在形式上也有所不同。限制性定语从句由who、whom、whose、which或that引导，不需要用逗号与先行词分开；非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，只能由who、whose、whom、which引导，而且通常要用逗号与先行词分开。如果先行词是不定代词如all, everything, little, anything, nothing, much, few 等时，其后的定语从句通常是限制性定语从句；当先行词被all, every, any, only, no, such, very, last, same 等词语修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是限制性定语从句；当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常也是限制性定语从句；关系代词在从句中做宾语而被省略的均是限制性定语从句；在带有定语从句的复合句是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句时，其从句通常也是限制性定语从句。在历年研究生英语入学考试的英译汉测试中，两种定语从句的考查频率都很高。尤其是限制性定语从句几乎每年都考。例如： 2004年的5道题中有3道题里都涉及到了定语从句的考查，包括： 61. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.此句中出现了由which引导的非限定性定语从句，用来修饰前面的这个句子内容。 62. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.此句中关系代词who引导的即是一个限定性定语从句，用来修饰其先行词peoples。 65. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society. 此句中又一次出现了由关系代词which引导的定语从句，不过与61题中的which所引导的定语从句不同的是，本句中所引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰其先行词determinism。而2003年的5道试题中更是有4道题里出现了对英语中定语从句的测试和考查，例如： 61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.此句中包含了一个由in which 引导的限定性定语从句，修饰其先行词environment。 62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for