GRE-Arguement 七种常见错误-个人总结.doc

经不起推敲的类推（false analogy） This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.（开头） In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate, the arguer must assume that all relevant circumstances involved are essentially the same.(环境、背景不同) However, this assumption is unwarranted.（过渡） For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that….. Perhaps …..（列举各种可能性） The arguer simply assumes that ….. but he does not provide any evidence that……are indeed comparable. As we know, the …and … differ conspicuously. It is true that both…... but even here exist fundamental differences:…. （两种东西本身不同） Therefore, even though the….proved effective in….., there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…..（结尾） 二 将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confuse causal relationship with correlation ） The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B. Yet the correlation alone is only a scant evidence of the claimed “cause-and –effect” relationship. Perhaps….. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that…. The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever. 认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员 四．认为某条件是某结果的必要 和/或 充足条件 要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做 按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果 a) The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of …are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admitittedly,….. However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve the desired result. （指出替代选项的存在） Perhaps the desired improvement could be achieved if…..（列举替代选项） Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…..must do…in order to achieve the goal.（收尾） b) The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that…..would by itself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标) Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that….. Thus, without better evidence that……, the