Bauhaus 刘霞 建筑学.ppt

Bauhaus 刘霞 建筑2班 英语报告 history of bauhaus The school existed in three German cities (Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933), under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime. The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. For instance: the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it. 国立包豪斯学校（德：Staatliches Bauhaus），通常简称包豪斯（Bauhaus），是一所德国的艺术和建筑学校，讲授并发展设计教育。“Bauhaus”由德文“Bau”和“Haus”组成（“Bau”为“建筑”，动词“bauen”为建造之意，“Haus”为名词，“房屋”之意），由建筑师沃尔特·格罗佩斯在1919年时创立于德国威玛。学校经历了三个时期：1919~1925年魏玛时期、1925~1932年德绍时期和1932~1933年柏林时期，以及三任校长：1919年至1927年的沃尔特·格罗佩斯、1927年至1930年的汉那士·梅耶（Hannes Meyer）以及1930至1933年的密司·凡·得罗（Ludwig Mies van der Rohe），1933年在纳粹政权的压迫下，包豪斯宣布关闭，同年也是威玛共和的结束。 由于包豪斯学校对于现代建筑学的深远影响，今日的包豪斯早已不单是指学校，而是其倡导的建筑流派或风格的统称，注重建筑造型与实用机能合而为一。而除了建筑领域之外，包豪斯在艺术、工业设计、平面设计、室内设计、现代戏剧、现代美术等领域上的发展都具有显著的影响。 Bauhaus and German modernism Germanys defeat in World War I, the fall of the German monarchy and the abolition of censorship under the new, liberal Weimar Republic allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts, previously suppressed by the old regime. Many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Such influences can be overstated: Gropius himself did not share these radical views, and said that Bauhaus was entirely apolitical.[2] Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should