多重耐药菌感染的预防与控制胡必杰 课件.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Once a pathogen produces infection, antimicrobial treatment may be essential. However, antimicrobial use promotes selection of antimicrobial-resistant strains of pathogens. As the prevalence of resistant strains increases in a population, subsequent infections are increasingly likely to be caused by these resistant strains. Fortunately, this cycle of emerging antimicrobial resistance / multi-drug resistance can be interrupted. Preventing infections in the first place will certainly reduce the need for antimicrobial exposure and the emergence and selection of resistant strains. Effective diagnosis and treatment will benefit the patient and decrease the opportunity for development and selection of resistant microbes; this requires rapid accurate diagnosis, identification of the causative pathogen, and determination of its antimicrobial susceptibility. Optimizing antimicrobial use is another key strategy; optimal use will ensure proper patient care and at the same time avoid overuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and unnecessary treatment. Finally, preventing transmission of resistant organisms from one person to another is critical to successful prevention efforts. * The “12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: Hospitalized Adults” intervention program is the first “12 Steps” to be launched because hospital patients are at especially high risk for serious antimicrobial-resistant infections. Each year nearly 2 million patients in the United States get an infection in a hospital. Of those patients, about 90,000 die as a result of their infection. More than 70% of the bacteria that cause hospital-acquired infections are resistant to at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat them. Persons infected with antimicrobial-resistant organisms are more likely to have longer hospital stays and require treatment with second-or third-choice drugs that may be less effective, more toxic, and/or more expe