英汉句法结构对比.docx

英汉句法结构对比吕叔湘先生曾说过，“要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识现代汉语的特点，就要跟古代汉语比较；要认识普通话特点，就要跟方言比较。无论语音、语汇、语法，都可以通过对比来研究”。下面从翻译的角度出发，通过例子对英语和汉语进行比较、分析，以期准确地把握英语的语言特点及精神风貌，尽量把这种“特点”和“风貌”真实地反映到汉语译文中。英汉句法结构的互换A.英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句例1：This attitude has been described as anything from a “merciful loss of memory” to “escapist therapy”.【译文】人们对这种态度议论纷纷，有的说是“好心的遗忘”，有的说是“逃避现实的疗法”。【分析】英语简单句→汉语联合复句.例2：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.【译文】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京大学。【分析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.例3：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定一遇到有阴凉的地方就坐下来休息。【分析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.B.英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句例1：He doesn’t know what life means to him.【译文】他不知道人生的意义。【分析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.例2：What troubles me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.【译文】使我苦恼的是我做这种工作经验不多。【分析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。【分析】英语并列句→汉语简单句.二、英汉句子顺序的调整“语义表达没有明确的从左向右或从上到下的顺序，但语义在句法上尤其是横向组合关系上有具体的线性体现。语序的实质是根据思维之流来安排句法单位的排列顺序”（邵志洪：2001）。但S-V-O句子结构是人类语言最优化的结构，最符合人类的认知顺序，使用最为广泛。A.调整时间顺序英语叙述较灵活，其从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。例1：If she had long lost the blue-eyed, flower-like charm, the cool slim purity of face and form, the apple-blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago, she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion, whose cheeks were faintly mottled, and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.【译文】如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色儿——二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过爱舍斯特——那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过脸颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，灰蓝的眼睛也已经有点儿饱满了。【分析】这是一个复合长句，一个主句带有四个从句，句首是一个由“if”所引导的假设条件从句其中并包含有一个由“which”所引导的定语从句，主句是“she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion”,后又跟两个分别由“whose”引导的定语从句，全局有五层意思，也是按照逻辑关系安排的，所叙述的事情基本上是按动作发生的时间先后顺序安排的。所以，翻译时也可按照这些动作顺序进行，译文也符合汉语表达。例2：Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment w