压力容器外文文件.doc

PRESSURE VESSELS 压力容器 David Roylance Department of Materials Science and Engineering 材料科学工程部门 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院 Cambridge, MA 02139 剑桥硕士 02139 August 23, 2001 2001年八月二十三日 Introduction 介绍 A good deal of the Mechanics of Materials can be introduced entirely within the confines of uniaxially stressed structural elements, and this was the goal of the previous modules. 在单向的压力结构元素范围内，大量的材料力学可以被使用。这也是较早的模块目标。 But of course the real world is three-dimensional, and we need to extend these concepts accordingly. 但是当然，真正的世界是三维的。因此我们需要去增加这些概念。 We now take the next step, and consider those structures in which the loading is still simple, but where the stresses and strains now require a second dimension for their description. 我们现在开始下一步，考虑这些载荷的中的结构依然很简单。但是压力和拉应力现在需要一个二维描述。 Both for their value in demonstrating two-dimensional effects and also for their practical use in mechanical design, we turn to a slightly more complicated structural type: the thin-walled pressure vessel. 对于他们在二维演示中的效果和在机械实际中使用的实用性，我们转变成一个一个稍微复杂点的结构类型;包庇压力容器。 Structures such as pipes or bottles capable of holding internal pressure have been very important in the history of science and technology. 像支持内部压力的管线或者钢瓶结构在科学技术的历史上已经很重要了。 Although the ancient Romans had developed municipal engineering to a high order in many ways, the very need for their impressive system of large aqueducts for carrying water was due to their not yet having pipes that could maintain internal pressure. 尽管古罗马已经使用很多方法把市政工程发展到了很高的程度。对于这个令人影响深刻的系统需要大型取水的渡槽是因为他们没有能承受内部压力的管子。 Water can flow uphill when driven by the hydraulic pressure of the reservoir at a higher elevation, but without a pressure-containing pipe an aqueduct must be constructed 在更高海拔水库的液压的驱动下水能艰难流动。但是没有一个能承压的管，一个水槽必须修建。 so the water can run downhill all the way from the reservoir to the destination. 所以水能从书库各个方向流向目的地。 Airplane cabins are another familiar example of pressure-containing structures. They illustrate very dramatically the importance of pr