国外营销论文94Pfeffer_1993_AMR.pdf

? Academy of Management Review 1993, Vol. 18, No. 4, 599-620. BARRIERS TO THEADVANCEOF ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCE:PARADIGM DEVELOPMENT AS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE JEFFREYPFEFFER Stanford University The level of paradigm development-technical certainty and consen- sus- characterizing a field of study has numerous consequences for the social organization and operation of that field. These conse- quences, ranging from the ability to obtain resources to the ease of working collaboratively on research, have an impact on the subse- quent development of the field (i.e., through a positive feedback loop). Although the degree of technical certainty or consensus is clearly affected by the fundamental nature of the subject of study, consensus is also produced by social practices that differentiate fields that are more or less paradigmatically developed. The study of organizations is arguably paradigmatically not well developed, in part because of values that emphasize representativeness, inclusiveness, and theo- retical and methodological diversity. Although these values are at- tractive ideals, there are consequences for the fields ability to make scientific progress, which almost requires some level of consensus, as well as for its likely ability to compete successfully with adjacent social sciences such as economics in the contest for resources.