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国外营销论文96_Lieberman_Montgomery_1988_SMJ
Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, 41-58 (1988)
FIRST-MOVER
ADVANTAGES
MARVIN B. LIEBERMANand DAVID B. MONTGOMERY
Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, California,U.S.A.
This article surveys the theoretical and empiricalliteratuireotn m2echanismZsthat confer
advantages and disadvantages on first-mover firms. Major conceptlualissutesare addressed,
and recommendations are given for futuire research. Maniagerial implications are also
discussed.
INTRODUCTION possesses some unique resources or foresight, or
simply because of luck. Once this asymmetry is
What, exactly, are first-mover advantages? Under generated a variety of mechanisms may enable
what conditions do they arise, and by what the firm to exploit its position; these mechanisms
specific mechanisms? Do first-movers make enhance the magnitude or durability (or both)
above-average profits? And when is it in a firms of first-mover profits.
interest to pursue first-mover opportunities, as Our discussion is organized as follows. We
opposed to allowing rivals to make the pioneering first consider theoretical models and empirical
investments? evidence on three general categories in which
In this paper we examine these and other first-mover advantage can be attained: leadership
related questions. We categorize mechanisms that in product and process technology, preemption
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