国外营销论文精品 C.pdf

1 INSTITUTIONS MATTER (revision 3/28/94) I Successful development policy entails an understanding of the dynamics of economic change if the policies pursued are to have the desired consequences. And a dynamic model of economic change entails as an integral part of that model analysis of the polity since it is the polity that specifies and enforces the formal rules. While we are still some distance from having such a model the structure that is evolving in the new institutional economics, even though incomplete, suggests radically different development policies than those of either traditional development economists or orthodox neo-classical economists. Development economists have typically treated the state as either exogenous or as a benign actor in the development process. Neo-classical economists have implicitly assumed that institutions (economic as well as political) dont matter and that the static analysis embodied in allocative-efficiency models should be the guide to policy; that is getting the prices right by eliminating exchange and price controls. In fact the state can never be treated as an exogenous actor in development policy and getting the prices right only has the desired consequences when you already have in place a set of property rights and enforcement that will then produce the competitive conditions that will result in efficient markets. The key to efficient markets are low costs of transacting. Transaction costs are the costs involved in measuring what is being exchanged and in enforcing agreements. Goods and services or the performance of agents have multiple valuable attributes and the ability to measure those attributes at low cost is a necessary condition for capturing the gains from trade