国外营销论文精品Douglas C.pdf

Introduction Since the early 1980s, more than 100 national governments in the developing world have introduced sweeping changes in how they govern their environmental resources. Instead of centralized control, the keystone of environmental action by postcolonial states, one can now witness claims about widespread decentralization of environmental decision making, including efforts to involve local residents, communities, and institutions in the conservation of nature. Decentralization has become global. Research Questions The proposed research will focus on two types of environmental resources : forests and wildlife. Three sets of questions related to recent environmental policy and institutional decentralization are the focus of analysis. The first set of questions relates to the nature of contemporary decentralization: What is the extent of contemporary environmental-policy related decentralization, and how is it best understood? What are the regional and resource-related variations in decentralization processes and institutions across the developing world and how can they be explained? The second set of questions are about the origins of decentralization policies and institutional choices: What are the actors and factors that have prompted the initiation of decentralization processes? What are the conditions that facilitate or undermine the consolidation of institutional choices leading to decentralized decision-making? And finally, the proposed research is concerned with institutional outcomes: What effects has decentralization had on resource governance outcomes? How do they vary and how is this variation best explained? The research will focus on forests and wildlife as its two major renewable environmental resources. Forests and wildlife are the linchpin of livelihood for literally hundreds of millions of poor resource users. They form among the most visible arenas in which changing governmental actions unfol