2016考研英语：商业组织联合体 机制正被打破.doc

2016考研英语：商业组织联合体 机制正被打破 Cartel-busting 　　商业组织联合体机制正被打破 　　Boring can still be bad 　　无趣之势依旧呈现糟糕状态 　　Market-rigging in unsexy industries costs consumersa lot. More can be done to detect and deter it. 　　无聊行业在操纵市场方面使得消费者耗资巨大。对此，政府可以施行更多的措施检测和阻止这一现象的发生。 　　MENTION price cartels and many people will think of big, overt ones like the one OPEC runs for oil and the now-extinct one for diamonds. But at least as damaging are the many secret cartelsin such unglamorous areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates, which go on unnoticed for years,quietly bumping up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services. 　　提到价格垄断，很多人会想到一些大型和公开明显的垄断企业，如欧佩克石油输出国家组织以及现今已经退出市场的钻石垄断公司。然而，至少在单调乏味的领域，有很多秘密运营的垄断企业，诸如轴承和货运费率领域里也同样具有损害性，这些企业数年未被关注，最近在各大产品和服务方面，迅速增长其对客户的所需产品和服务的首尾成本。 　　Collusion among producers to rig prices and carve up markets is thriving, with the cartels growing ever more intricate and global in scope. Competition authorities have uncovered several whopping conspiracies in recent years, including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments. They were fined a total of3 billion; and so far the compensation claims from ripped-off customers comfortably exceed 1billion. One academic study found that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%. Another suggested that cartels were robbing poorcountries consumers of tens of billions of dollars a year: if so, negating all the aid that richcountries governments send them. 　　随着卡特尔垄断更为复杂地增长并且呈全球范围扩展的趋势，生产者共同谋求操纵以及划分市场的现象正逐渐兴盛起来。竞争当局发现近年来存在一些巨大的阴谋，包括超过二十多条的国际航线之一的一家公司，私定200亿元的货物装运价格。他们因此被处以30亿元的罚款;并且到目前为止那些确定为敲消费者竹杠的公司被处以的赔偿金超出了10亿元。一个学术研究表明典型的卡特尔垄断使得有疑问的商品和服务增长了20%。另一个研究表明卡特尔垄断是从贫困国家的消费者中剥夺了他们平均一年上百亿美元的钱财：如果正如这样所说，否定所有富有国家政府对他们施行的援助是有道理的。 　　Investigators are still unravelling a huge global network of cartels among suppliers of a wide range of car parts. Makers of seat belts, radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had hefty finesslapped on