大二上语法知识整理.docx

Mood of the VerbWhat is mood?Mood as a semantic categoryIn EnglishIn ChineseMood as a grammatical category of the verb? In English【Views on mood as a grammatical category】 The traditional view: three moods: the indicative the imperative the subjunctive The subjunctive has seven forms: were, had been, be, should be, would be, should have been, would have been The contemporary views (1) The moderate view: three moods: the indicative the imperative the subjunctive But: The subjunctive has only two forms: were, be (remnants of Old English)(2) The radical view: There is no mood at all as a grammatical category of the verb in English. The past tense in unreal conditionals is the hypothetical use of the past tense. were used to be the regular past tense form of “be”. be is the present tense form of the second person.【Meanings and uses of the be-subjunctive】1. The be-subjunctive expresses indirect imperatives (indirect command / decision /suggestion) in the that-clauses after words denoting command, decision, suggestion, importance, necessity, etc. (including verbs, nouns and adjectives).例句：He ordered that she come back without delay.The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.It is essential that all the facts be examined first.Compare the following:a. He ordered that she should come back without delay. b. He ordered her to come back without delay. a. The board has given instructions that the agent should fly to Boston. b. The board has given instructions for the agent to fly to Boston.a. It is essential that all the facts should be examined first. b. It is essential for all the facts to be examined first.Compare the following:Her red face suggests that she is angry.He insisted that she was wrong.It is odd that he has failed/should have failed again. 2. The be-subjunctive expresses hypothetical imperatives (hypothetical condition/concession) in adverbial clauses introduced by if, though, whether, whatever, lest, so long as, etc. This u