chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学.ppt

Chapter Four Syntax 70 Syntax is the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language. Simply speaking, it is the study of the formation of sentences. There are different approaches to syntax in the linguistic field: The traditional approach, the structural approach the generative grammar are discussed here The traditional approach The traditional approach views a sentence as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation thus involves the study of the parts of speech and grammatical functions of words, and other categories such as number, gender, case, tense, aspect, voice, concord and government. Grammatical categories语法范畴72 Related groups of words (parts of speech词性) in traditional grammar. including Case, Gender, Number, Person, Tense, Aspect, Mood, Voice, etc. Concepts indicated by “category symbols范畴符号” S, NP, V, etc. in TG Grammar. The Traditional Approach 1 Number 2 Gender 3 Case 4 Tense 5 Aspect 6 Agreement (Concord) 7 Government Number (add) Singular Plural Dual Singular concord:either, neither Plural concord: both Gender (add) Masculine Feminine Neuter ‘Covert’ gender in English Male Female Dual Case 格 Nominative 主格 Subject Accusative 宾格 Direct object Dative 与格 Indirect object Agreement 一致 （add) Correspondence between two or more sentence elements in respect to their grammatical categories Within noun phrases, articles, and adjectives adopting the form required to reflect the gender and number of the noun that they accompany. Concord: agreement of nominals and verbs Government 管辖 （add) Specific property of verbs, adjectives, prepositions, or nouns that determines the form (especially case) of dependent elements. Pronouns in English Sentence types Binary division in terms of structure: Simple Non-simple Complex Compound Extension of sentence Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of subordination)递归句 （cf. p