修改，chapter 2Style as foregrounding.ppt

Chapter 2（3）Style as Foregrounding 3.1 Foregrounding 前景化 / 突出 The term Foregrounding is a concept of pictorial art , referring to that part of the composition that appears to be closest to the view) (Mayer. 1969) Originally it was applied to the literature by Mukarovsky (穆卡罗夫斯基) to refer to the departure from the accepted use or norm of language. Foregrounding, giving unusual prominence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less noticeable aspects. According to the theories of Russian Formalism, literary works are special by virtue of the fact that they foreground their own linguistic status, thus drawing attention to how they say something rather than to what they say: poetry ‘deviates’ from everyday speech and from prose by using metre, surprising metaphors, alliteration, and other devices by which its language draws attention to itself. Foregrounding: Definition: Foregrounding refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic purposes. Capable of working at any level of language, foregrounding typically involves a stylistic distortion of some sort, either through an aspect of the text which deviates from a linguistic norm or, alternatively, where an aspect of the text is brought to the force through repetition or parallelism. Foregrounding is the opposite of automatization （自动化）, that is, the deautomatization（非自动化） of an act; the more an act is automatized, the less it is consciously executed; the more it is foregrounded, the more completely conscious does it become. Objectively speaking: automatization schematizes an event; foregrounding means the violation of the scheme. (Mukarovsky ，1964, p. 19) “前景化是自动化的对立面，是行为的非自动化，某个行为越是自动化，受意识支配程度越低；而越是前景化，该行为越是有意识的，前景化就是出于美学的目的而对标准语言常规的有意违反”。 “前景化”也称为“陌生化”(defamiliarization)。俄国形式主义学派和布拉格学派的学者认为“陌生化”就是文学性语言与日常语言不同的特殊运用手段。人们对生活中的许多事情习以为常，感受不到其独特的性质，习惯使得人们对这些事物（包括语言）的感受变成自动化（automation）的认可，而艺术的任务就是在于恢复人们对事物本来面目的感受，将日常生活中使用的常规和定式化语言进行加工使之变得新鲜陌生，通过“陌生化”让人们带