LATIN PRONOUNS:拉丁语的代词.ppt

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LATIN PRONOUNS:拉丁语的代词

LATIN PRONOUNS THE BASICS Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders The i in the -ius ending forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EIY-us, HUIY-us and CUIY-us. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e.g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular –us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two) is, ea, id (singular) Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) Canem spectat (He looks at the dog) is (singular) is (singular) is (singular) is (singular) is (singular) is (plural) is (plural) is (plural) is (plural) is (plural) īdem, eadem, idem A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ *eumdem eundem *eōrumdem eōrundem Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter *isdem īdem (long vowel) *iddem idem (short vowel) īdem (singular) īdem (singular) īdem (singular) īdem (singular) īdem (singular) īdem (plural) īdem (plural) īdem (plural) īdem (plural) īdem (plural) hic, haec, hoc The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting

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