冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第二十五章新儒家：理学.doc

CHAPTER 25 NEO-CONFUCIANISM: THE SCHOOL OF PLATONIC IDEAS 第二十五章　新儒家：理学Only twenty-two years after the death of Cheng Yi (1033-1108), Chu Hsi (113O-12OO) was born in the present Fukien province. The political change that took place during these twenty years is tremendous. The Sung dynasty, although culturally outstanding, was militarily never as strong as the Han and Tang dynasties, and was under constant threat from outside tribes in the north and northwest. Its greatest catastrophe came when it lost its capital, the present city of Kaifeng, to the Jurchen, a Tungusic tribe Irom the northeast, and was compelled to restablish itself south of the Yangtze River in 1117. This event marked the division of the Sung dynasty into two lesser parts: the Northern Sung (960-1127) and the Southern Sung (1127-1279).程颐死后只有二十二年，朱熹（1130—1200年）就生于今福建省。这二十年中，政局变化是严重的。宋代在文化上有卓越成就，可是在军事上始终不及汉、唐强大，经常受到北方、西北方外部部落的威胁。宋朝最大的灾难终于到来，首都（今开封市）陷于来自东北的通古斯部落的女真之手，被迫南渡，1127年在江南重建朝廷。在此以前为北宋（960—1126 年），在此以后为南宋（1127一1279 年）。 Position of Chu Hsi in Chinese HistoryChu Hsi, better known simply as Chu Tzu or the Master Chu, was a philosopher of subtle argument, clear thinking, wide knowledge and voluminous literary output. His Recorded Sayings alone amount to 140 chüan or books. With him, the philosophic system of the Cheng-Chu school, also known as the Li hsüeh or School of Li, reached its culmination. Though the supremacy of this school was several times to be disputed, notably by the Lu-Wang school and by certain scholars of the Ching dynasty, it remained the most influential single system of philosophy until the introduction of Western philosophy in China in recent decades.朱熹在中国历史上的地位 朱熹，或称朱子，是一位精思、明辩、博学、多产的哲学家。光是他的语录就有一百四十卷。到了朱熹，程朱学派或理学的哲学系统才达到顶峰。这个学派的统治，虽然有几个时期遭到非议，特别是遭到陆王学派和清代某些学者的非议，但是它仍然是最有影响的独一的哲学系统，直到近几十年西方哲学传入之前仍然如此。In chapter seventeen I have said that the dynastic governments of China ensured the supremacy of their official ideology through the examination system. Persons who