冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第五章　墨子：孔子的第一个反对者.doc

CHAPTER 5 MO TZU, THE FIRST OPPONENT OF CONFUCIUS 第五章　墨子：孔子的第一个反对者THE next major philosopher after Confucius was Mo Tzu. His family name was Mo and his personal name was Ti. As the Shih Chi or Historical Records does not say where he came from, and in fact tells us almost nothing about his life, there has been a difference of opinion regarding his native state. Some scholars hold that he was a native of Sung (in what is today eastern Honan and western Shantung), and others that he came from Lu, the same state as Confucius. His exact dates are also uncertain, hut probably he lived sometime within the years 479~38l B.C. The main source for the study of his thought is the book bearing his name, the Mo-tzu, which contains 53 chapters and is a collection of writings by his followers as well as by himself.孔子之后下一个主要的哲学家是墨子。他姓墨名翟。《史记》上没有说他是哪国人，关于他的生平也说的很少，实际上等于没有说。因而关于墨子是哪国人历来有意见分歧。有些学者说他是宋（今豫东鲁西）人，另一些学者说他是鲁人。他的生卒也不能肯定是哪年，大概是在公元前479一前381年以内。研究墨子思想。主要资料是《墨子》一书，共五十三篇，是墨子本人及其后学的著作总集。 Mo Tzu was the founder of a school known after his name as the Mohist school. In ancient times his fame was as great as that of Confucius, and his teaching was no less influential. The contrast between the two men is interesting. Confucius felt a sympathetic understanding for the traditional institutions, rituals, music, and literature of the early Chou dynasty, and tried to rationalize and justify them in ethical terms; Mo Tzu, on the contrary, questioned their validity and usefulness, and tried to replace them with something that was simpler but, in his view, more useful. In short, Confucius was the rationalizer and justifier of the ancient civilization, while Mo Tzu was its critic. Confucius was a refined gentleman, while Mo Tzu was a militant preacher. A major aim of his preaching was to oppose both the traditional institutions and practices, and the theories of Confucius and the Confucianists.墨子创立的学派名为墨家。在古代，墨子与孔子享有同等的盛名。墨学的影响也不亚于孔学。把这两个人进行对比，是很有趣的。孔子对于西周的传统制度、礼乐文献，怀有同情的了解，力求以伦理的言辞论