冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第十一章后期墨家.doc

CHAPTER 11 THE LATER MOHISTS 第十一章　后期墨家IN the Mo-Tzu, there are six chapters (chs. 40-45) which differ in character from the other chapters and possess a special logical interest. Of these, chapters forty to forty-one are titled Canons and consist of definitions of logical, moral, mathematical, and scientific ideas. Chapters forty -two to forty-three are titled Expositions of the Canons, and consist of explanations of the definitions contained in the preceding two chapters. And chapters forty-four and forty-five are titled Major Illustrations and Minor Illustrations respectively. In them, several topics of logical interest are discussed. The general purpose of all six chapters is to uphold the Mohist point of view and refute, in a logical way, the arguments of the School of Names. The chapters as a whole are usually known as the Mohist Canons.《墨子》中有六篇：《经上》、《经下》、《经说上》、《经说下》、《大取》、《小取》，与其他各篇性质不同，特别有逻辑学的价值。《经上》、《经下》都是逻辑、道德、数学和自然科学的定义。《经说上》、《经说下》是对前两篇中定义的解释。《大取》、《小取》讨论了若干逻辑问题。所有这六篇有一个总的目的，就是通过逻辑方式，树立墨家的观点，反驳名家的辩论。这六篇合在一起，通常叫做“墨经”。In the last chapter we have seen that in the Chi Wu Lun, Chuang Tzu discussed two levels of knowledge. On the first level, he proved the relativity of things and reached the same conclusion as that of Hui Shih. But on the second level, he went beyond him. On the first level, he agreed with the School of Names and criticized common sense from a higher point of view. On the second level, however, he in turn criticized the School of Names from a still higher point of view. Thus the Taoists refuted the arguments of the School of Names as well, but the arguments they used are, logically speaking, on a higher level than those of the School of Names. Both their arguments and those of the School of Names require an effort of reflective thinking to be understood. Both run counter to the ordinary canons of common sense.前一章讲过，庄子在《齐物论》里讨论了两个层次的知识。在第一个层次上，他证明了事物的相对性，达到了与惠施的结论相同的结论。但是在第二个层次上，他就超越了惠施。在第一个层次上，他同意于名家，从更高一层的观点批评了常识。但是在第二个层次上，他又转过来从再高一层的观