冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第十三章儒家的现实主义派：荀子.doc

CHAPTER 13 THE REALISTIC WING OF CONFUCIANISM: HSUN TZU 第十三章　儒家的现实主义派：荀子THE three greatest figures of the School of Literati in the Chou dynasty were Confucius (551-479), Mencius (371?-289? ) and Hsun Tzu. The latters dates are not definitely known, but probably lay within the years 2.98 and 238 B.C.先秦儒家三个最大的人物是孔子，孟子，荀子。荀子的生卒年代不详，可能是在公元前298一前238年之间。Hsun Tzus personal name is Kuang, but he was also known under the alternative name of Hsun Ching. He was a native of the state of Chao in the southern part of the present Hopei and Shansi provinces. The Shih Chi or Historical Records says in its biography of him (ch. 74) that when he was fifty he went to the state of Chi, where he was probably the last great thinker of the academy of Chi-hsia, the great center of learning of that time. The book hearting his name contains thirty-two chapters, many of them detailed and logically developed essays which probably come directly from his pen.荀子名况，又号荀卿，赵国（今河北省、山西省南部）人。《史记》的《孟子、荀卿列传》说他五十岁来到齐国，当时齐国稷下是很大的学术中心，他可能是稷下最后一位大思想家。《荀子》一书有三十二篇，其中很多是内容详细而逻辑严密的论文，可能是荀子亲笔所写的。Among the literati, Hsun Tzus thought is the antithesis of that of Mencius. Some people say that Mencius represents the left wing of the school, while Hsun Tzu represents ils right wing. This saying, while suggestive, is too much of a simplified generalization. Mencius was left in that he emphasized individual freedom, but he was right in that he valued super-moral values and therefore was nearer to religion. Hsun Tzu was right in that he emphasized social control, but left in thai he expounded naturalism and therefore was in direct opposition to any religious ideas.儒家之中，荀子思想，是孟子思想的对立面。有人说孟子代表儒家的左翼，荀子代表儒家的右翼。这个说法，尽管很有道理，但是概括得过分简单化了。孟子有左也有右：左就左在强调个人自由；右就右在重视超道德的价值，因而接近宗教。荀子有右也有左：右就右在强调社会控制；左就左在发挥了自然主义，因而直接反对任何宗教观念。Position of ManHsun Tzu is best known because of his theory that human nature is originally evil. This is directly opposed to that of Mencius according to which human nature is originally good. S