冯友兰中国哲学简史中英文版之第十章道家第三阶段：庄子.doc

CHAPTER 10 THE THIRD PHASE OF TAOISM: CHUANG TZU ? 第十章　道家第三阶段：庄子CHUANG CHOU, better known as Chuang Tzu (c. 369-c. 286), is perhaps the greatest of the early Taoists. We know little of his life save that he was a native of the little state of Meng on the border between the present Shantung and Honan provinces, where he lived a hermits life, but was nevertheless famous for his ideas and writings. It is said that King Wei of Chu, having heard his name, once sent messengers with gifts to invite him to his state, promising to make him chief minister. Chuang Tzu, however, merely laughed and said to them: ...Go away, do not defile me....I prefer the enjoyment of my own free will. (Historical Records, ch. 63.)庄子（公元前约369一前约286年），姓庄，名周，可算是先秦的最大的道家。他的生平，我们知之甚少。只知道他是很小的蒙国（位于今山东省、河南省交界）人，在那里过着隐士生活，可是他的思想和著作当时就很出名。《史记》上说：“楚威王闻庄周贤，使使厚币迎之，许以为相。庄周笑谓楚使者曰：……子函去！无污我。……我宁游戏污渎之中自快，无为有国者所羁，终身不仕，以快吾志焉。”（《老子韩非列传》）Chuang Tzu the Man and Chuang-tzu the BookThough Chuang Tzu was a contemporary of Mencius and a friend of Hui Shih, the book titled the Chuang-tzu, as we know it today, was probably compiled by Kuo Hsiang, Chuang Tzus great commentator of the third century A.D. We are thus not sure which of the chapters of Chuang-tzu the book were really written by Chuang Tzu himself. It is, in fact, a collection of various Taoist writings, some of which represent Taoism in its first phase of development, some in its second, and some in its third. It is only those chapters representing the thought of this third climactic phase that can properly be called Chuang Tzus own philosophy, yet even they may not all have been written by Chuang Tzu himself. For though the name of Chuang Tzu can be taken as representative of the last phase of early Taoism, it is probable that his system of thought was brought to full completion only by his followers. Certain chapters of the Chuang-tzu, for example, contain statements about Kung-sun Lung, who certainly lived later than Chuang Tzu.庄子其人和《庄子》其书 庄子与