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量子化学与群论基础 2
* * 1.4 The structure of science Law a summary of experience Hypothesis a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by further investigation. Theory a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or explain the nature or behavior of phenomenon. Model a simplified version of the system that focuses on the essentials of the problem. 1.5 Wavefunction The Uncertainty Principle ΔxΔPx≥h/ 4? The state description Thermodynamics: Bulk properties(p,V,T,…) Classical mechanics: de Broglie Hypothesis 1. Matter could also behave as waves. 2. Matter would obey the same equation as light E=h ? P =h/λ 3. The states of matter can be described by wavefunction. The 1-dimensional free particle: 1.5.1 Interpretation of the wavefunction What is this wavefunction? What does it mean? Born(1926) suggested that wavefunction was that the square at a given point in space was proportional to the probability of finding the particle at that point in space. The square is called the probability density while we can call the wavefunction is probability amplitude. Classical particles(e.g. bullet) A single electron ΔxΔPx≥h/ 4? A swarm of electrons Probability density Probability Statistical definition: Calculation of probability Properties of probability Probability deals with measuring or determining the likelihood that an event will have a particular outcome. P(A)=0 impossible event P(A)=1 inevitable event e.g. , throw a coin , dice A——Normalization constant For the case of a single particle 1.6 The dynamics of microscopic systems Wave Mechanics Schr?dinger (1925) developed Broglies idea into the differential equations capable of dealing with a number of physical phenomena and with problems that could not be handled by classical physics. Matrix Mechanics Heisenberg (1925)chose to pursue the Matrix pathway and started to associate matrices with the properties of matter. Relat
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