现实派和印象派：现代派的开端.ppt

Realism and Impressionism The Beginnings of Modernism Realism As the 19th century wears on, the pace quickens. Turmoil and flux increase as Europe’s population leaves in droves for other corners of the globe. Business and industry continue their technological and industrial revolution and industrial revolution, and individual workers strive for greater rights and rewards. Nationalism rises, and science explodes. Philosophy and psychology take fire and influence the arts, where reactions against Romanticism turn particularly “modernist.” Emigration During the 18th and 19th centuries 70 million people emigrated from Europe to other continents, mostly North America, but also Siberia, Latin America and Australia. By 1900 the total European population outside Europe numbered approximately 560 million and represented more than 1/3 of the world’s entire population. Not all countries participated in this migration equally. France, which had adopted birth control practices, barely reproduced at replacement level, but the declining death rate, which resulted from better medicine and other factors, allowed France’s population to grow. Nevertheless, it contributed very little to the emigration movement. The populations of most other European countries, on the other hand, exploded and lead to migration on a massive scale. In the mid 19th century, Ireland was contributing nearly half of the immigrants to the United States, and in 4 consecutive waves (1850, 1870, 1885, 1910) 13 million Scots left their native lands with 2/3 of them coming to the U.S. 6 million Germans left (most for the U.S.) and 2 million Scandinavians did the same. 16 million Italians left Italy in 1913 alone. Central and Eastern Europeans contributed more than 9 million people to the waves of emigration. By the end of the 19th century, Europeans had literally populated the globe. Business and Industry During the 19th century, industrial civilization changed from a system of production base