挪威水电开发与生态环境保护的经验与启示.doc

挪威水电开发与生态环境保护的经验与启示 摘要：  Experience and Revelation of Hydropower Development and Eco-environment Protection in Norway Abstract: Hydropower development in Norway has a long history, rich experiences about techonolgy and management in hydropower has been accumulated, managing and legal system become more and more perfect, which ensure the hydropower development process scientific and orderly. To alleviate the bad influence of eco-environment that caused by hydropower development, The Norway government establish strict envirommental impact assesment system and licence system, set a fun for eco-environment protection, prescribe the least flux of rivers and so on. And all these measures accelerate continuable development of water resource in Norway. Based on the low-cost hydropower resource, high energy consumption industry in Norway develops rapidly, and take up a position during the competition of international market, which lays a foundation for internal economic development This paper summarizes the experience of hydropower development and eco-environment protection in Norway, which may provide some references for hydropower development of China. Key words: Norway; Hydropower development; Eco-environment protection; revelation 挪威位于北欧斯堪地纳维亚半岛的西北部，国土面积386974km2，人口452.5万挪威水能发电的比例占到总量的99%挪威 2 挪威水电开发 挪威在普通年份里的能源年产量约为1210亿千瓦时，包括风能发电、水能发电和热电站发电，其中水能发电的比例占到了总量的99% (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2006)。 2.1水力发电 挪威的大型水电项目大多在 1970～1985 年间完成，之后水电开发速度有所下降，90年代几乎没有增加有限的新增容量也仅为老电厂的升级和扩建，以及一些小规模的水电建设。国有能源公司Statkraft是挪威最大的水电公司，有 91座水电，占挪威总装机容量30%。罗加兰郡的Kvilldal 电站是挪威最大的水电站，最高发电量为1240MW，约占全国总发电量的4.5%(Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2006)。 挪威西部、南部和诺德兰郡等地的发电总量超过当地消费，而挪威东部电力消耗则远远超出当地发电量。将西部南部电输东部丹麦瑞典和芬兰Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2006)。 挪威小水电是指那些装机容量小于10MW的水电站，挪威的小水电开发是不受限制的，只需遵守水资源法即可。微型和较小型水电站对环境的影响很小，也无需申请许可证。装机容量达到10MW的小水电站许可证颁发权利已下放到挪威能源管理部门，这些小水电站只需承诺遵守水资源法，而不在水资源管理计划的范围内。根据挪威议会第75号关于水资源保护的议题，今后微型和较小型水电站也可能需要申请许可证以保护河道。 挪威能源管理部门已全面规划了全国可开发小水电能源的地点，并估计出其潜在发电能力为25TWh