土木工程专业英语第四单元PPT.ppt

Lesson 4 Tall Building 高层建筑;; Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings． 虽然在建筑施工技术中，总的来说已经有了许多进步，但是在超高层建筑的设计和施工中也取得了惊人的成就。 ultra-[前缀] 超、过 、极端 beyond the range, scope, or limit of ex. ultrahigh 超高的， ultrasonic 超音速的; The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing． 高层建筑的早期发展始于结构的钢框架。 Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively 竞争性地used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes． 从那以后，钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体体系就被竞相经济地用在了许多民用和商用结构中。 The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems． 美国各地正在修建的50～110层的高层建筑是新的结构体系改革和发展的结果。 ; Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories． 图1中的曲线A描绘的是传统框架随着增加的楼层数的平均单位重量。 Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads． 曲线B描绘的是在框架不受任何横向荷载时平均钢材重量。 The gap缺口；分歧；间隔；between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame． 上下边界之间的间隙描绘的是传统柱梁框架由高度带来的额外费用。 Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium． 为了消除这种额外费用，结构工程师们已经发展了一些结构体系。 ; Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. 用钢材修建的高层建筑是作为几种类型的结构的创新的结果而发展起来的。 The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings． 这种创新已经被用在办公楼和公寓大楼的施工当中。 ; In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a