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Section Two CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW General Information Foundations of criminal law Substantial criminal law Procedural criminal law The supreme court today 1.Foundations of criminal law Like most Americans, you are probably aware that law and legal procedures are key elements of the criminal justice system. Americans are fond of saying that “ we have a government of laws, not of men (and women)”. Presidents, governors, and mayors cannot simply choose to punish people they dislike. Instead even our most powerful leaders must make decisions within limits imposed by law. 1.1 substantive law and procedural law Criminal law is only one category of law. Peoples’ lives and actions are also affected by civil law, which governs business deals, contracts, real estate, and the like. By contrast, the key feature of criminal law is the government’s power to punish people for damaging they have done to the society. Criminal law is divided into two categories: Substantial and Procedural Substantial criminal law defines actions that may be punished by the government. Procedural criminal law defines the rules that govern how the laws will be enforced. It protects the constitutional rights of defendants and provides the rules that officials must follow in all areas of the criminal justice system. 1.2 Sources of criminal law The earliest known codes of law appeared in the Sumerian苏美尔 law of Mesopotamia美索不达米亚(3100B.C.) and the code of Hammurabi(1750B.C.). These written codes were divided into sections to cover different types of offences. However, the main source of American law is common law of England. Common Law ——was based on custom and tradition as interpreted by judges. Written law-----it would be helpful to have a document that clearly stated the criminal law, both substantive and procedural Constitutions: contains basic principles and procedural safeguards. Statutes- are laws passed by legislative bodies Administrative reg
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