第二章 phonology 1.ppt

Chapter 2 Phonology Outline Part I: review Part II: phonetics Review What is language? What are the design features of language? What are the functions of language? Descriptive prescriptive Synchronic diachronic Phonetics phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language Both of them are the studies of speech sounds. Phonetics: studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received, physical aspect Phonology: the study of sound systems of language, linguistic patterns to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages to explain the variations that occur Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? P.14 2.2.2 Organs of speech 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds 2.2.4 Classification of English Speech Sounds Three branches of Phonetics The process of speech production and perception Production Transmission Perception (speaker A) (speaker B) speech speech articulatory acoustic auditory Articulatory Phonetics: how the sounds are produced Acoustic Phonetics : physical properties of the sounds Auditory Phonetics: how the sounds are perceived Organs of speech Definition: Those parts of the human body involved in the production of sounds. Three resonating cavities (共鸣腔) Vocal tract （发声器官） oral cavity: nasal cavity pharynx Exact speech organs oral cavity: Mouth tongue: tip, blade, front, back, root palate: hard, soft, uvula teeth: upper, lower Resonators （共鸣器） Speech organs Speech organs Orthographic representation of speech sounds IPA: a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. International Phonetic Alphabet = International Phonetic Association Phonetic transcriptions Broad Transcription Narrow Transcription Phonetic transcriptions 1 Narrow transcription Also called phonetic transcription It is the