课件1._Introduction.ppt

Linguistics;Readings;Requirements ;Introduction ;I. Some Interesting Facts About Language;Ten Most Widely Spoken Languages;What Is Linguistics?;Why study linguistics?;Core fields of linguistics;;Morphology: The structure of words. Some words seem simple, e.g. cat. But others are made out of parts: vapor-ize un-attain-able un-lock-ing-s Sometimes the rules are complex, and the same pieces can combine in different ways: Un-(lock-able): can’t be locked (un-lock)-able: capable of being unlocked;Syntax: How words combine to form sentences: The tall man… *The man tall… I saw John and Mary. *Who did you see Mary and? I saw a thief with a telescope.;Semantics/Pragmatics: What words/sentences mean, and how this relates to how they are used. Example: Every man loves a woman. No one eats apple because it’s healthy. Every one did not come.;Outer fields of linguistics;Brain areas;;Aphasia;Connections between language and intelligence;Some distinctions;Prescriptive rules: school grammar;Descriptive rules: fieldwork;Synchronic vs diachronic;Speech and writing;Langue and parole;Competence and performance;Traditional grammar and modern linguistics;What is language?;Distinctive features of language;We are Uniquely Language-Users;Design features;Design features;Discreteness;Duality;Arbitrariness;;Sound symbolism in names;Cultural transmission;Displacement;Productivity;The child is presented with a new object: This is a wug:;The Walkman Test;;Recursiveness;Language origin;Divine origin;Wow-wow theory(汪汪理论): Language was an imitation of natural sounds, such as the cries of animals, like quack, cuckoo. Pooh-pooh theory(噗噗理论): Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy. Yo-he-ho theory(哟-嗬-噢理论): Language arose from the noises made by a group of people engaged in joint labour or effort – lifting a huge hunted game, moving a rock, etc. Evolution theory(进化理论): Language originated in the process of labour and answered the call of social need.