中英语言对比-Chapter 3.ppt

Chapter 3 Primal words and secondary words girl mountain incredible mumble 望 風 鳥 愛 苗 一 馬 魚 bigger water teacher bitter Among the words above, which are primal words, and which are secondary? English Primal words Simple, derivative and compound words girl, teacher, handbag In English, simple words are primal words. They are almost all of Germanic origin (except for mountain). There is generally no direct relation (other than onomatopoeias) between the primal words and the objects they signify. Chinese primal words Pictographic characters, associative compounds, self-explanatory characters, and phonograms. 人，采，本，踢 In Chinese, most primal words are pictographs developed from symbolic pictures, or with formal motivations. Intermedius summary Chinese primal words are of formal (image) motivation. And the creation of English primal words is arbitrary. Formation of secondary words Combining Shortening Conversion Borrowing Analogy Combining Affixation Compounding Combining: Affixation Affixation means putting a root and an affix, or two roots together to form a new word. The Encyclopedia of English (1978): 108 prefixes, 181 suffixes 《英文部首字典》(1992)：156 prefixes, 198 suffixes 《英文词缀字典》(2009)：174 prefixes, 53 suffixes -er: reader, worker, cooker, liar, truther, birther -ist: artist, scientist, economist 者：读者，作者，笔者，学者，使者，目击者 夫：农夫，伙夫，马夫，挑夫，脚夫，贩夫 郎：货郎，伴郎，放牛郎，读书郎，女郎 士；民；族；霸；粉；童；将；客；司；陪；同 people who doubt the official explanation of the 9.11 incident people who hold that Obama was not born in US and so was not a legitimate candidate for president Examples 现在是新社会了，穷的，弱的都有活路！ 你看那一个个有钱的，还不都积极参与慈善事业那！ 没有药，受伤的就得等死。 the sick the poor the rich the wounded Compounding speed-dial, greenwash, spellbinder, win-win, zero-sum, twitterverse Electionspeak, bureauspeak, eurospeak, netspeak, educationspeak 语言，里外，挑剔，光荣 粉红，飞快，古代，冰凉 年轻，地震，国营，心虚 垫肩，枕木，说话，安心 说服、落实、打倒，纠正 Compound or parallel Modifier + modified Subject + predi