发音语音学is.ppt

Chapter Two Speech Sounds Importance of speech sounds As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. Language: a system of vocal symbols Indispensible foundation Ways to study speech sounds phonetics phonology Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced产生, transmitted, and perceived感知. Subfields in phonetics Articulatory Phonetics (发音语音学)is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学)is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics (听觉语音学)is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Phonology Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. How speech sounds are made Speech organs Position of the vocal folds: voiceless Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial the widest aperture) Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop The IPA In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888. Jespersen叶斯柏森 叶斯柏森(jens otto harry jespersen 1860年-1943年） 丹麦语言学家，就读于哥本哈根大学时，师事著名语言学家维尔纳，1886年获文学硕士学位。后致力于语言研究，尤精英语学。1893年后曾任哥本哈根大学英文教授、校长，大不列颠皇家学院院士。1905年写成《英语的发展和构造》，受达尔文学说影响，持语言发展的阶段论，认为英语语法形态变化的简化是进步，而不是衰败，