国际管理 international management ：The Meanings and Dimensions.ppt

Hodgetts and Luthans Objectives of the Chapter DEFINE the term “culture,” and discuss some of the comparative ways of differentiating cultures IDENTIFY the major dimensions of culture EXAMINE the impact of globalization and national responsiveness on international strategic management DISCUSS cross-cultural differences and similarities REVIEW cultural differences in select countries and regions, and note some of the important strategic guidelines for doing business in each The Nature of Culture Culture The acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior Cultural knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior Characteristics of culture include: Learned Shared Transgenerational Symbolic Patterned Adaptive The Nature of Culture The culture of a society comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. Table 5-1 Priorities of Cultural Values Management Approaches Affected by Cultural Diversity Figure 5-1 A Model of Culture Cultural Dimensions Geert Hofstede Power distance - extent to which less powerful members of organizations accept the unequal power distribution Uncertainty avoidance - extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these Individualism - tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only Collectivism - tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty Masculinity - culture in which the dominant values are success, money, and things Femininity - dominant values are caring for others and quality of life Power Distance(Selected Countries) Uncertainty Avoidance(Selected Countries) Individualism(Selected Countries) Masculinity(Selected Countries) Strategy for Managing across Cultu