Pain (nursing english) 护理英语医学五年制课件.ppt

Pain Honghong Wang Associate Prof., RN, PhD School of Nursing, CSU Pain as a 5th Vital Sign TAKE THE 5TH Have you ever experienced pain before? PAIN Pain is complex, multidimensional多方面的 experience Pain is the most common reason a patient seeks medical treatment. There is a high prevalence of acute and chronic pain Many studies document inadequate pain management Nurse’s roles in pain management Assessing pain and communicating this information of other health care providers Ensuring the initiation of adequate pain relief measures Evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions Definitions of pain Pain is defined as whatever the person experiencing the pain says it, existing when ever the person says it does. Pain is a personal experience that is influenced by genetic遗传, psychosocial, and cultural factors Definitions of pain The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as an unpleasant sensory感觉 and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Dimensions范围 of pain Physiologic Sensory Affective Behavioral Cognitive Physiologic dimension of pain Transduction 转换 Transmission 传导 Perception 感知 Modulation 调制 Transduction 转换 Transduction is the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential. Noxious有害的 or chemical stimuli release of chemicals peripheral afferent nociceptor（PAN）外周伤害行感受器 Chemicals: bradykinin缓激肽 , serotonin(血清素), histamine组胺, potassium钾, norepinephrine activate or sensitize the PAN to excitation Transmission传导 Transmission is the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain (1) transmission along the nociceptor fibers to the level of the spinal cord (2) dorsal horn脊角 processing (3) transmission to the thalamus丘脑 and the cortex皮层 Modulation 调制 Modulation involves the activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or facilitatatory effects o