托福阅读真题赏析（完美打印版）.pdf

托福保分100+： 托福阅读真题赏析（完美打印版） PASSAGE1 Bythe mid-nineteenthcentury,theterm iceboxhadenteredtheAmerican language,but icewas stillonly beginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensinthe UnitedStates.The ice tradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewas usedinhotels,taverns, andhospitals,and bysome forward-lookingcitydealers infresh meat,freshfish,and butter.AftertheCivilWar (1861-1865),asicewas usedto refrigeratefreightcars, italsocameintohouseholduse. Even before1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork, Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsold inBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheir ownuse.This hadbecomepossiblebecausea newhouseholdconvenience,the icebox,a precursorofthe modernrefrigerator,hadbeen invented. Makinganefficienticeboxwas notaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenth century,the knowledgeofthe physicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceof refrigeration, was rudimentary.Thecommonsense notionthatthe besticeboxwas onethat preventedthe ice from meltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthe meltingoftheicethat performedthecooling. Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomize iceincludedwrappingthe iceinblankets,which kept the icefromdoingitsjob. Notuntilneartheendofthe nineteenthcenturydidinventorsachieve thedelicate balanceofinsulationandcirculation neededforanefficienticebox. Butasearlyas 1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,Thomas Moore,hadbeenonthe right track. Heownedafarmabouttwenty milesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillage ofGeorgetownwasthe marketcenter.When heusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransport his butterto market,hefoundthat customerswould passupthe rapidlymeltingstuffinthetubs of 1 托福保分100+： hiscompetitorsto paya premiumpricefor hisbutter,stillfreshand hardinneat,one-pound bricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wa