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 NMET with an educational view----站得高一些，看得远一些，做得实一些 张连仲 北京外国语大学 全国基础外语教育研究培训中心 Testing and Tests Testing is a science of compromise. It is difficult to test one’s language ability, we can only test and evaluate samples of one’s language abilities through testing tasks set to elicit one’s language performance in a given situation; Before we can find any “better” means of measurement, we have to make do with the “Necessary Evil”? 超越考试的思考 Decisions on what to test and how to test are determined by our belief and concepts of language and language learning. Important or high stake tests inevitably carry the educational value by the way it is designed and implemented. A good test should have positive impact on the learner and language learning – that is on language education. 中、高考是教育考试, 具有教育功能 China’s exam oriented education tradition (social value attached to it) 社会期待（合情不一定合理，社会认知误区） 社会责任：专业引领，价值取向 Validity: one of the major concerns of the testers Definition of Validity: to measure what one wants to measure, ----- to put more technically: the extent to which inferences made from assessment results are appropriate, meaningful, and useful in terms of the purpose of the assessment”(Gronlund, 1998) Content validity: Construct-related validity: Face validity: Consequential validity:  Consequential validity Washback?– the effect of testing on teaching and learning, Questions for examiners/testers to think before and during the designing of the test: Why ? Who ? What ? How? When ? Where ? How effective and efficient? From Validity to educational function 从关注效度到关注教育功能: 测试设计不能只考虑测试方式和内容的效度和信度，操作的便利性，还应考虑对应试者和教学过程的影响。应该主动从理论上研究和适应外语教学的发展，积极建立对话机制，在共识的基础上通过考试设计展示新教育理念和目标，进而影响教学和教育。 Towards a more equal and meaningful relationship The scientific decision making process between educators and examiners: Interaction and cooperative research 大规模的考试应该更关注对教育过程可能产生的影响；考试应具有教育功能；导向功能，要自律和更强调社会监督； 专业机构