岩石(总论).ppt

岩石（总论） 岩石—— 在各种地质作用下，按一定方式结合而成的矿物集合体，是构成地壳和地幔的主要物质。 “水火之争”——关于地层与岩石成因的争论 ◆火成论 —— 认为所有岩石皆与岩浆作用有关 （赫顿（英，James Hutton，1726 —1797）） ◆水成论 —— 认为所有岩石都是在水中沉积而成 （维尔纳（德，Abraham Gottlob Werner，1750 — 1817）） 多成因论 地质学形成期 莱伊尔（英） 1830 年提出岩石多种成因观点。 火成成因——火成岩 Igneous Rock 外力成因——沉积岩 Sedimentary Rock 变质作用——变质岩 Metamorphic Rock （水成成因） （水成岩） 三大岩类（按成因分） 岩类 定义 占地壳 重量 占陆地分布面积 火成岩（岩浆岩） 95 ％ 25 ％ 变质岩 沉积岩 5 ％ 75 ％ 地下深处的岩浆侵入地壳或喷出地表冷凝而成的岩石 由变质作用形成的岩石 由外力作用形成的岩石 “灾变论”与“均变论” Catastrophism Uniformitarianism “将今论古”与“以古论今” The present is the key to the past. ——James Hutton (Scottish) or Charles Lyell (Brittish)? The present is the key to the past is the key to the present (and future). 结束 * Its generally attributed to James Hutton, though it was particularly popularised after his death by Charles Lyell.Its the central tenet of uniformitarianism: the idea that the natural processes we see happening now (e.g. volcanoes, erosion, etc) also happened throughout geological history. * Its generally attributed to James Hutton, though it was particularly popularised after his death by Charles Lyell.Its the central tenet of uniformitarianism: the idea that the natural processes we see happening now (e.g. volcanoes, erosion, etc) also happened throughout geological history.