地质专业英语中英文翻译.doc

CHANGCHUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 专 业 英 语 班 级： 勘查0942 姓 名： 崔金龙 学 号： 0 4 指导老师： 刘丽莎 成 绩： Foundation engineering Structures or other constructed works are supported on the earth by foundations. The word揻oundation攎ay mean the earth itself, something placed in or on the earth to provide support ,or a combination of the earth and the elements placed on it . The foundation for a multistory office building could be a combination of concrete footings and the soil or rock on which the footings are supported . The foundation for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed . Concrete footing or piles and pile caps are often referred to as foundations without includes the soil or rock of the earth form a foundation system ,the soil and rock provide the ultimate support of the system . Foundations that are installed may be either soil-bearing or rock-bearing . The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed loads generally determined how well the foundation system functions . In designing the installed portions , the designer must determine the safe pressure which can be used on the soil or rock and the amount of total settlement and differential settlement which the structure can withstand . A buildings foundation transmits loads from buildings and other structures to the earth. Geotechnical engineers design foundations based on the load characteristics of the structure and the properties of the soils and/or bedrock at the site. In general, geotechnical engineers: 1) Estimate the magnitude and location of the loads to be supported; 2) Develop an investigation plan to explore the subsurface; 3) Determine necessary soil parameters through field and lab testing (e.g., consolidation test, triaxial shear test, vane shear test, standard penetration test); 4) Design the foundation in the safest