Chap24 Agent间的通信 人工智能课程 上海交大.ppt

第 24章 Agent间的通信 Outline Speech Acts Planning Speech Acts Efficient Communication Natural Language Processing 24.1 Speech Acts Communicative act Communicate with other agents in order to affect another agent’s cognitive structure. Communicative medium Sounds, writing, radio Communicative acts among humans often involve spoken language. So, communicative acts are also called speech acts. Categories of Speech Acts Representatives Those that state a proposition Directives That request or command Commissives That promise or threaten Declarations That actually change the state of the world, such as “I now pronounce you husband and wife” Utterance Physical manifestations Physical motions Acoustic disturbance Flashing lights Etc. The utterance must both express the propositional content and the type of the speech act that it manifests. E.g. “put block A on block B” Request On(A,B) Perlocutionary and Illocutionary Effects Speech acts are presumed to have an effect on the hearer’s knowledge If our agent A1 commits a representative speech act informing a hearer A2 that a proposition q is true, then A1 can assume that the effect of this act is that A2 knows that A1 intended to inform A2 that q. Perlocutionary effect The effect on the hearer intended by the speaker Illocutionary effect The effect the speech actually has Indirect speech acts Speech acts whose perlocutionary effects are different from what they appear to be. E.g. You left the refrigerator door open 24.2 Planning Speech Acts We can treat speech acts just like other agent actions A representative-type speech act in which our agent informs agent a that q is true. Implementing Speech Acts Direct transmission of a logical formula from speaker to hearer Possible if the speaker and hearer share the same kind of feature-based model of the world Very limited Transmission by the speaker of some string of symbols that the hearer then translates into its cognitive structure (perhaps into a logical formula) Using agreed-upon,