19世纪的外科学.ppt

REVISING THE EXTENSION UNIT  ON SURGERY An operation in the early 19th century How many of these did you get ?  How many of these did you get ? Sterilised instruments Blood for transfusions Trained doctors and nurses Rubber gloves, plastic gowns , hats and masks Germ – free ( aseptic operating room Electrical power Anaesthetics Specialists to operate equiptment and nurses The problems James Simpson – This is your life The solution – chloroform was discovered in 1847 The Solution …….Chloroform Opposition to Simpson’s work It was new and untested . Was it safe ? Doctor’s did not know what dose to give to different patients There were moral and religious arguments – the use of anaesthetics was said to be ‘ unnatural’ and against God’s will Joseph Lister – This is your life Some opposition RESULTS ……reading tables Karl Landsteiner – This is your life Other developments Storing blood - in 1914 it was found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting in a syringe Blood cells were separated from the liquid part and were stored in bottles . They could be diluted with saline solution when needed Large blood banks were set up in the US and Britain during the second world war Transfusion service Other key developments in surgery Plastic surgery Brain surgery Transplant surgery Keyhole surgery Improved anaesthetics and antiseptics Sample analysis question How important was the development of anaesthetics to improvements in surgery in the 19th century? Can you identify any of the following in the model answer? Find the link words Find the benefits of using anaesthetics Find the limitations of anaesthetics in the 19th c. Is this a balanced argument ? Is there an overall judgement ? What level would you give this ? Anaesthetics was important in the history of surgery because without the problem of pain , patients were more willing to have operations to treat their illnesses and more operations were carried out . This meant that surgeons coul