L3_Sport Journalism 理解体育和体育新闻业.ppt

Understanding Sport and Sports Journalism “Delivering the male” - 18-49 years old, middle class (ABC1) men preferred - the audience “as a commodity” (Lowes, 1999) Sport: “publicity as news” Work routines Professional ideologies The manufacture of sports news Print media work routines “institutionalized work routines” = well recognised and widely accepted ways of doing things “Working the sports beat” - ‘the routine round of institutions and persons to be contacted at scheduled intervals for knowledge of events’ Space; quotas; deadlines Routine sources and Professional ideologies Two main routine sources (Lowes, 1999) 1. Professional Sports Organizations -service the media: media relations staff; press releases/news conferences; other 2. Personal contacts “on the beat” - athletes, coaches, trainers, agents, league and team executives, etc. ‘Newswork’ involves professional ethics and other accepted ways of seeing and doing sports reporting = professional ideologies The manufacture of sports news Newswork: journalists as selectors, formulators and authors, not simply reflectors of sports news Institutional and market pressures Sports news values Models of sports news writing (Rowe, 1992): hard news; soft news; orthodox rhetoric; reflexive analysis Sports news sports news values What events become news? What news values apply? What makes sport so newsworthy? The manufacture of (sports) news (Galtung Ruge, 1981) (i) news organisation periodicity fit with planned categories predictability (ii) news selection negativity dramatic/unpredictable continuity/tradition high status/”stars” Sports news values (continued) (iii) news presentation unambiguous personalisation meaningfulness, i.e. points of identification “a predictable event with an uncertain outcome is the perfect news story” “The Golden Rules” of (British) Outside Broadcasts (Radio TV) The “pyramid” method of sports commentating (created by Seymour de Lotbiniere (“Lobby”) of the BBC) EXPER