unit 2 跨文化交际.pdf

Unit 2 Culture and Communication What is culture? “文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。 在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语 colere 和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式 的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进 而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、 舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。 More than 500 definitions up to the present (Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones) First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” 文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会 成员而获得的能力与习惯 Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectives  From Intellectual Perspective  From Anthropologic Perspective  From Social Perspective  From Psychological Perspective  From Intercultural Communication Perspective  From Intellectual Perspective According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.  From Anthropologic Perspective Culture is the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people. This is an anthropologists definition.  From Social Perspective Culture is what a society does and thinks. Culture covers everything of a society.  From Psychological Perspective Culture is the collective program