[PPT模板]01 生态学概论1-绪论-huzj.ppt

Parents of Larus ridibundus 黑头鸥 remove the broken eggshell from their nest, Why? Conclusion: The risk of predation by their enemy reduced! The same behavior also was seen in the process of reproduction of forest musk deer （林麝） Significance of method Measurement of variables: how to sample? the size of sample, selection of variables, etc. Experimental design Is there a ‘control’? Are there replicates in the experiment? Are the right data being collected? Are the data correctly interpreted? Method of statistics Simple statistical analysis: T-test, F-test, etc. Multivariate analysis: Principle Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis, etc. Basic methods in ecological research Fieldwork 野外调查 Experiment in a laboratory or the field Mathematical modeling 野外调查 Nalini Nadkami, female, 在哥斯达黎加热带雨林 (1981, 1984) 研究 营养盐收支(budget of nutrient ) 树枝与树干的附生植物垫(Epiphyte mat)(30 cm) ，can trap 有机质(organic matter) Fieldworks were facilitated by new ways such as GPS, hot air balloon, aerial tram, large crane, and airplane etc. GPS（通过离四个人造卫星的 距离准确估计经纬度和高度） Crane offers scientists access to any level within a 70 m tall coniferous forest Fieldwork Advantage Data can be collected in the natural conditions Disadvantage Results don’t be replicated readily Experiment in field and laboratory Experiment in field is a powerful method of research. As illuminated in the figure above, when a net is set in the forest in order to prevent bird from eating caterpillar, we can better gain understanding of the population dynamics and biological knowledge of this species. Experiment Advantage Variants can be control strictly Results are reliable relatively Replicable Disadvantage There are differences in conditions between laboratory and field Blackbird (乌鸫) foraging model Mathematical modeling （continued (1)-2） Mathematical modeling Advantage Abstract highly could deal with problems that can’t be done in the real world Disadvantage Results maybe differ largely with practical conditions Error