第七讲_系统功能语言学.ppt

系统功能语言学（2） Context and text are closely related. We can predict the text from context, and prediction the context from the text. Halliday’s example: If you come across once upon a time, then you know immediately that you are being told a traditional story, probably a childrens story. There is no other context in which that expression is used. You can therefore predict quite a lot not only about what is going to follow, but also about the situation in which that is actually being used; typi-cally, let us say, someone reading out a story to a small child. If you hear four hearts, it is probably not something taken from .a teenage romance novel, but a bid in a game of bridge: it can only occur at certain points in a certain card game. If you hear on your marks, then you know that it is a sports occa-sion at a school, probably a primary school, and that a race is about to begin; the teacher starting the race is saying on your marks, get set, go. If you hear 30 please, it could be in a shop, but it is more likely to be on some form of public transport where the cost of the ticket is 30c; the meaning is I want one 30c ticket, please. On the other hand, without the context, sometimes, it is difficult to know the meaning of the text: Since the relation between text and context is established, then the next question is: What dimensions of context have an impact on the use of language, and what dimensions of the text are affected by the particular dimensions of the context? We need to study context in detail. Levels: register, genre, ideology Register: (following Martin’s theory): field, tenor and mode: referring to the situational context Genre ( the cultural context): the stages and structures of the texts. Ideology ( the values we hold, the biases and perspectives we adopt.) the dominant cultural beliefs and ideas. 1. 语域 人类所有的语言活动都是在一定的语境中发生的。 语域的界定：语域指的是“语言的功能变体”（functional variety of language). 所谓功能变体，就是因情景语境的变化而产生变化的语言变化形式。 根据Gregory and Carroll (1978)的观点，语境因素包含：话